Transportation payments
An Electronic Road Pricing gantry in Singapore. Gantries such as these collect tolls in high-traffic areas from active RFID units in vehicles.
PayPass RFID chip removed from a MasterCard.
* RFID is being used for E - Tolling in Motorways, Pakistan, Implemented by NADRA.
* Throughout Europe, and in particular in Paris (system started in 1995 by the RATP), Lyon, Bordeaux, Nancy and Marseilles in France, in the whole of the Portuguese highway system and in many Portuguese public car parks, Milan, Turin, and Florence in Italy, and Brussels in Belgium, RFID passes conforming to the Calypso (RFID) international standard are used for public transport systems. They are also used now in Canada (Montreal), Mexico, Israel, Bogotá and Pereira in Colombia, Stavanger in Norway, Luxembourg, etc.
* In Toronto, Ontario, Canada and surrounding areas, Electronic Road Pricing systems are used to collect toll payments on Highway 407.
* In Seoul, South Korea and surrounding cities, T-money cards can be used to pay for public transit. Some other South Korean cities have adopted the system, which can also be used in some stores as cash. T-money replaced Upass, first introduced for transport payments in 1996 using MIFARE technology.
* In Turkey, RFID has been used in the motorways and bridges as a payment system over ten years [specify a date];[citation needed] it is also used in electronic bus tickets in Istanbul.
* In Hong Kong, mass transit is paid for almost exclusively through the use of an RFID technology, called the Octopus Card. Originally it was launched in September 1997 exclusively for transit fare collection, but has grown to be similar to a cash card, and can still be used in vending machines, fast-food restaurants and supermarkets. The card can be recharged with cash at add-value machines or in shops, and can be read several centimetres from the reader. The same applies for Delhi Metro, the rapid transit system in New Delhi, capital city of India.
* The Moscow Metro, the world's second busiest, was the first system in Europe to introduce RFID smartcards in 1998.[citation needed]
* The Washington, D.C. Metrorail became the first U.S. urban mass-transit system to use RFID technology when it introduced the SmarTrip card in 1999.
* JR East in Japan introduced SUICa (Super Urban Intelligent Card) for transport payment service in its railway transportation service in November 2001, using Sony's FeliCa (Felicity Card) technology. The same Sony technology was used in Hong Kong's Octopus card, and Singapore's EZ-Link card.
* In Singapore, public transportation buses and trains employ passive RFID cards known as EZ-Link cards. Traffic into crowded downtown areas is regulated by variable tolls imposed using an active tagging system combined with the use of stored-value cards (known as CashCards).
* RFID is used in Malaysia Expressways payment system. The name for the system is Touch 'n Go. As the system's name indicates, the card is designed to only function as an RFID card when the user touches it.
* Since 2002, in Taipei, Taiwan the transportation system uses RFID operated cards as fare collection. The Easy Card is charged at local convenience stores and metro stations, and can be used in Metro, buses and parking lots. The uses are planned to extend all throughout the island of Taiwan in the future.
* In the USA, The Chicago Transit Authority has offered the Chicago Card and the Chicago Card Plus for rail payments across the entire system since 2002 and for bus payments since 2005. The New York City Subway is conducting a trial during 2006, utilizing PayPass by MasterCard as f
* In the UK, operating systems for prepaying for unlimited public transport have been devised, making use of RFID technology. The design is embedded in a creditcard-like pass, that when scanned reveals details of whether the pass is valid, and for how long the pass will remain valid. The first company to implement this is the NCT company of Nottingham City, where the general public affectionately refer to them as "beep cards". It has since been successfully implemented in London, where "Oyster cards" allow for pay-as-you-go travel as well as passes valid for various lengths of time and in various areas.
* In Oslo, Norway, the upcoming public transport payment is to be entirely RFID-based. The system was slated for introduction around spring 2007.
* In Norway, all public toll roads are equipped with an RFID payment system known as AutoPass.
* RFID tags are used for electronic toll collection at toll booths with Georgia's Cruise Card, California's FasTrak, Colorado's E-470, Illinois' I-Pass, Oklahoma's Pikepass, the expanding eastern states' E-ZPass system (including Massachusetts's Fast Lane,Delaware, New Hampshire Turnpike, Maryland, New Jersey Turnpike, Pennsylvania Turnpike, West Virginia Turnpike, New York's Thruway system, Virginia, and the Maine Turnpike),Central Florida also utilizes this technology, via its E-PASS System. E-PASS and Sunpass are mutually compatible. Florida's SunPass, Various systems in Texas including D/FW's NTTA TollTag, the Austin metro TxTag and Houston HCTRA EZ Tag (which as of early 2007 are all valid on any Texas toll road), Kansas's K-Tag, The "Cross-Israel Highway" (Highway 6), Philippines South Luzon Expressway E-Pass, Brisbane's Queensland Motorway E-Toll System in Australia, Autopista del Sol (Sun's Highway), Autopista Central (Central Highway), Autopista Los Libertadores, Costanera Norte, Vespucio Norte Express and Vespucio Sur urban Highways and every forthcoming urban highway (in a "Free Flow" modality) concessioned to private investors in Chile, all toll tunnels in Hong Kong (Autotoll) and all highways in Portugal (Via Verde, the first system in the world to span the entire network of tolls), France (Liber-T system), Italy (Telepass), Spain (VIA-T), Brazil (Sem Parar - Via Fácil). The tags, which are usually the active type, are read remotely as vehicles pass through the booths, and tag information is used to debit the toll amount from a prepaid account. The system helps to speed traffic through toll plazas as it records the date, time, and billing data for the RFID vehicle tag. The plaza- and queue-free 407 Express Toll Route, in the Greater Toronto Area, allows the use of a transponder (an active tag) for all billing. This eliminates the need to identify a vehicle by licence plate.[citation needed]
* The Transperth public transport network in Perth, Western Australia uses RFID technology in the new SmartRider ticketing system.
* In Atlanta, MARTA (Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority) has transitioned its bus and rail lines from coin tokens to the new Breeze Card system which uses RFID tags embedded in disposable paper tickets. More permanent plastic cards are available for frequent users.
* In Rio de Janeiro, "RioCard" passes can be used in buses, ferries, trains and subway. There are two types, one you cannot recharge, the other one can be recharged if it's been bought by the company you work for, if they provided it (only in Brazil).
* A number of ski resorts, particularly in the French Alps and in the Spanish and French Pyrenees, have adopted RFID tags to provide skiers hands-free access to ski lifts. Skiers don't have to take their passes out of their pockets.
* In Santiago (Chile) the subway system Metro and the recently implemented public transportation system Transantiago use an RFID card called "Bip" or "Multivia".
* In Medellín (Colombia) the recently-implemented card system for the Metro system uses an RFID card called Cívica.
* In Dubai, (United Arab Emirates) drivers through Sheikh Zayed Road and Garhoud Bridge pay tolls using RFID tags called [[Salik (
* In San Diego, CA Metropolitan Transit Systems (MTS), North County Transit District (NCTD), And The San Deigo Association Of Governments(SANDAG), Use a Re-Writable RFID Smart Card Referred to Locally As The Compass Card, To Store Daily, Weekly, or Monthly Passes and/or Cash Value, To make Boarding The Buses and Trains quicker and easie
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#Animal_identification
Rabu, 28 Januari 2009
Selasa, 01 Juli 2008
New Zealand city plans smart card system
New Zealand city plans smart card system
Tuesday, July 1 2008
The transit authority for New Zealand’s densest metropolitan area has prioritized the design and construction of a smart card ticketing system. According to a recently released plan of passenger transit project for 2008-2009, the Auckland Regional Transport Authority (ARTA) has placed smart cards at the top of its plans.
ARTA supervises the transit needs of a fast-growing urban population, including the KiwiRail train system. Like many major urban areas, Auckland is experiencing an intensified interest in public transport due to increasing fuel prices and environmental concerns, and officials believe that smart cards are a necessary component to managing the growth of their system.
“Over the next 20 years, the population of Auckland will grow at least by the equivalent of the current population of Christchurch or Wellington. Consequently, Aucklanders’ need to travel is increasing at a faster rate than in other cities,” said Peter Clark, ARTA’s general manager of strategy and planning. “This is putting great strains on our existing transport networks, and improvements to our infrastructure and passenger transport services are required.”
http://www.contactlessnews.com/news/2008/07/01/new-zealand-city-plans-smart-card-system/
Tuesday, July 1 2008
The transit authority for New Zealand’s densest metropolitan area has prioritized the design and construction of a smart card ticketing system. According to a recently released plan of passenger transit project for 2008-2009, the Auckland Regional Transport Authority (ARTA) has placed smart cards at the top of its plans.
ARTA supervises the transit needs of a fast-growing urban population, including the KiwiRail train system. Like many major urban areas, Auckland is experiencing an intensified interest in public transport due to increasing fuel prices and environmental concerns, and officials believe that smart cards are a necessary component to managing the growth of their system.
“Over the next 20 years, the population of Auckland will grow at least by the equivalent of the current population of Christchurch or Wellington. Consequently, Aucklanders’ need to travel is increasing at a faster rate than in other cities,” said Peter Clark, ARTA’s general manager of strategy and planning. “This is putting great strains on our existing transport networks, and improvements to our infrastructure and passenger transport services are required.”
http://www.contactlessnews.com/news/2008/07/01/new-zealand-city-plans-smart-card-system/
Kamis, 26 Juni 2008
Sejarah RFID
Sejarah RFID
Di tahun 1946, Léon Theremin menemukan alat mata-mata untuk pemerintah Uni Soviet yang dapat memancarkan kembali gelombang radio dengan informasi suara. Gelombang suara menggetarkan sebuah diafrakma (diaphragm) yang merubah sedikit bentuk resonator, yang kemudian memodulasi frekuensi radio yang terpantul. Walaupun alat ini adalah sebuah alat pendengar mata-mata yang pasif dan bukan sebuah kartu/label identitas, alat ini diakui sebagai benda pertama dan salah satu nenek-moyang teknologi RFID. Beberapa publikasi menyatakan bahwa teknologi yang digunakan RFID telah ada semenjak awal era 1920-an, sementara beberapa sumber lainnya menyatakan bahwa sistem RFID baru muncul sekitar akhir era 1960-an.
Sebuah teknologi yang lebih mirip, IFF Transponder, ditemukan oleh Inggris di tahun 1939, dan secara rutin digunakan oleh tentara sekutu di Perang Dunia II untuk mengidentifikasikan pesawat tempur kawan atau lawan. Transponder semacam itu masih digunakan oleh pihak militer dan maskapai penerbangan hingga hari ini.
Karya awal lainnya yang mengeksplorasi RFID adalah karya tulis ilmiah penting Harry Stockman pada tahun 1948 yang berjudul Communication by Means of Reflected Power (Komunikasi Menggunakan Tenaga Pantulan) yang terbit di IRE, halaman 1196–1204, Oktober 1948. Stockman memperkirakan bahwa "...riset dan pengembangan yang lebih serius harus dilakukan sebelum problem-problem mendasar di dalam komunikasi tenaga pantulan dapat dipecahkan, dan sebelum aplikasi-aplikasi (dari teknologi ini) dieksplorasi lebih jauh."
Paten Amerika Serikat nomor 3,713,148 atas nama Mario Cardullo di tahun 1973 adalah nenek moyang pertama dari RFID modern; sebuah transponder radio pasif dengan memori ingatan. Alat pantulan tenaga pasif pertama didemonstrasikan di tahun 1971 kepada Perusahaan Pelabuhan New York (New York Port Authority) dan pengguna potensial lainnya. Alat ini terdiri dari sebuah transponder dengan memori 16 bit untuk digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran bea.
Pada dasarnya, paten Cardullo meliputi penggunaan frekuensi radio, suara dan cahaya sebagai media transmisi. Rencana bisnis pertama yang diajukan kepada para investor di tahun 1969 menampilkan penggunaan teknologi ini di bidang transportasi (identifikasi kendaraan otomotif, sistem pembayaran tol otomatis, plat nomor elektronik, manifest [daftar barang] elektronik, pendata rute kendaraan, pengawas kelaikan kendaraan), bidang perbankan (buku cek elektronik, kartu kredit elektronik), bidang keamanan (tanda pengenal pegawai, pintu gerbang otomatis, pengawas akses) dan bidang kesehatan (identifikasi dan sejarah medis pasien).
Demonstrasi label RFID dengan teknologi tenaga pantulan, baik yang pasif maupun yang aktif, dilakukan di Laboratorium Sains Los Alamos di tahun 1973. Alat ini diperasikan pada gelombang 915 MHz dan menggunakan label yang berkapasitas 12 bit.
Paten pertama yang menggunakan kata RFID diberikan kepada Charles Walton di tahun 1983 (Paten Amerika Serikat nomor 4,384,288).
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID
Di tahun 1946, Léon Theremin menemukan alat mata-mata untuk pemerintah Uni Soviet yang dapat memancarkan kembali gelombang radio dengan informasi suara. Gelombang suara menggetarkan sebuah diafrakma (diaphragm) yang merubah sedikit bentuk resonator, yang kemudian memodulasi frekuensi radio yang terpantul. Walaupun alat ini adalah sebuah alat pendengar mata-mata yang pasif dan bukan sebuah kartu/label identitas, alat ini diakui sebagai benda pertama dan salah satu nenek-moyang teknologi RFID. Beberapa publikasi menyatakan bahwa teknologi yang digunakan RFID telah ada semenjak awal era 1920-an, sementara beberapa sumber lainnya menyatakan bahwa sistem RFID baru muncul sekitar akhir era 1960-an.
Sebuah teknologi yang lebih mirip, IFF Transponder, ditemukan oleh Inggris di tahun 1939, dan secara rutin digunakan oleh tentara sekutu di Perang Dunia II untuk mengidentifikasikan pesawat tempur kawan atau lawan. Transponder semacam itu masih digunakan oleh pihak militer dan maskapai penerbangan hingga hari ini.
Karya awal lainnya yang mengeksplorasi RFID adalah karya tulis ilmiah penting Harry Stockman pada tahun 1948 yang berjudul Communication by Means of Reflected Power (Komunikasi Menggunakan Tenaga Pantulan) yang terbit di IRE, halaman 1196–1204, Oktober 1948. Stockman memperkirakan bahwa "...riset dan pengembangan yang lebih serius harus dilakukan sebelum problem-problem mendasar di dalam komunikasi tenaga pantulan dapat dipecahkan, dan sebelum aplikasi-aplikasi (dari teknologi ini) dieksplorasi lebih jauh."
Paten Amerika Serikat nomor 3,713,148 atas nama Mario Cardullo di tahun 1973 adalah nenek moyang pertama dari RFID modern; sebuah transponder radio pasif dengan memori ingatan. Alat pantulan tenaga pasif pertama didemonstrasikan di tahun 1971 kepada Perusahaan Pelabuhan New York (New York Port Authority) dan pengguna potensial lainnya. Alat ini terdiri dari sebuah transponder dengan memori 16 bit untuk digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran bea.
Pada dasarnya, paten Cardullo meliputi penggunaan frekuensi radio, suara dan cahaya sebagai media transmisi. Rencana bisnis pertama yang diajukan kepada para investor di tahun 1969 menampilkan penggunaan teknologi ini di bidang transportasi (identifikasi kendaraan otomotif, sistem pembayaran tol otomatis, plat nomor elektronik, manifest [daftar barang] elektronik, pendata rute kendaraan, pengawas kelaikan kendaraan), bidang perbankan (buku cek elektronik, kartu kredit elektronik), bidang keamanan (tanda pengenal pegawai, pintu gerbang otomatis, pengawas akses) dan bidang kesehatan (identifikasi dan sejarah medis pasien).
Demonstrasi label RFID dengan teknologi tenaga pantulan, baik yang pasif maupun yang aktif, dilakukan di Laboratorium Sains Los Alamos di tahun 1973. Alat ini diperasikan pada gelombang 915 MHz dan menggunakan label yang berkapasitas 12 bit.
Paten pertama yang menggunakan kata RFID diberikan kepada Charles Walton di tahun 1983 (Paten Amerika Serikat nomor 4,384,288).
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID
OMNIKEY 13.56MHz RFID Reader/Writer
OMNIKEY 13.56MHz RFID Reader/Writer
The CardMan® 5321 represents the ideal combination of contact and contactless technology in a single device.
The housing design is optimized for advanced user convenience in contactless applications.
The improved contactless field provides a higher transmission speed of up to 848 kbps depending on the contactless card used.
As with the CardMan® 5121, it supports three ISO standards for contactless cards (ISO 14443 A/B and 15693), and the ISO 7816 and EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa) industry standards for contact cards.
The CardMan® 5321 allows users to experience the convenience, speed, and security of contactless technology for applications including log-on to Windows®, networks, websites, and applications or the secure storage of user names, passwords, and personal information.
The use of contactless smart card technology for PC-linked applications is limited only to your imagination!
Contactless Smart Cards Supported
* Philips: MIFARE®, DESFire®, MIFARE ProX®, and i.code
* HID: iCLASS®
* Texas Instruments: TagIT®
* ST Micro: x-ident, SR 176, SR 1X 4K
* Infineon: My-d (in secure mode UID only)
* Atmel: AT088RF020
* KSW MicroTech: KSW TempSens
* JavaCard: JCOP in RSA mode
Following features make the CardMan® 5321 the perfect answer to the increasing demands of many applications:
Connection USB 2.0 (Universal Serial Bus)
Contactless Standards ISO14443A, ISO14443B, ISO15693
Cable Length 180cm/ 70.9"
Power supply USB bus powered
Card Contacting Unit 100.000 insertion cycles
Card Power supply 60 mA
Status indicator Duo-LED
Transmission Speed contact interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed).
with Card: up to 420 Kbps
Transmission Speed contactless interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed)
with Card: up to 848 Kbps
Protocols T=0, T=1, 2-wire: SLE4432, SLE4442 (S=10), 3-wire: SLE4418, SLE4428 (S=9), I2C (S=8), SLE 4404
Protocols T=CL
Smart Cards Supports 5V, 3V and 1,8V Smart Cards
Drivers PC/SC 2.01, CT-API, Sync-API
MTBF 500,000h
Operating Systems Windows 98/ME
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 2003 Server
Windows XP64bit (IA64, AMD64, EM64T)
Windows Vista
Linux
Compliance RoHS, WEEE
Certifications Microsoft WHQL, EMV 2000
Certifications PC/SC
http://www.rfid-indonesia.com/content/view/39/27/
The CardMan® 5321 represents the ideal combination of contact and contactless technology in a single device.
The housing design is optimized for advanced user convenience in contactless applications.
The improved contactless field provides a higher transmission speed of up to 848 kbps depending on the contactless card used.
As with the CardMan® 5121, it supports three ISO standards for contactless cards (ISO 14443 A/B and 15693), and the ISO 7816 and EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa) industry standards for contact cards.
The CardMan® 5321 allows users to experience the convenience, speed, and security of contactless technology for applications including log-on to Windows®, networks, websites, and applications or the secure storage of user names, passwords, and personal information.
The use of contactless smart card technology for PC-linked applications is limited only to your imagination!
Contactless Smart Cards Supported
* Philips: MIFARE®, DESFire®, MIFARE ProX®, and i.code
* HID: iCLASS®
* Texas Instruments: TagIT®
* ST Micro: x-ident, SR 176, SR 1X 4K
* Infineon: My-d (in secure mode UID only)
* Atmel: AT088RF020
* KSW MicroTech: KSW TempSens
* JavaCard: JCOP in RSA mode
Following features make the CardMan® 5321 the perfect answer to the increasing demands of many applications:
Connection USB 2.0 (Universal Serial Bus)
Contactless Standards ISO14443A, ISO14443B, ISO15693
Cable Length 180cm/ 70.9"
Power supply USB bus powered
Card Contacting Unit 100.000 insertion cycles
Card Power supply 60 mA
Status indicator Duo-LED
Transmission Speed contact interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed).
with Card: up to 420 Kbps
Transmission Speed contactless interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed)
with Card: up to 848 Kbps
Protocols T=0, T=1, 2-wire: SLE4432, SLE4442 (S=10), 3-wire: SLE4418, SLE4428 (S=9), I2C (S=8), SLE 4404
Protocols T=CL
Smart Cards Supports 5V, 3V and 1,8V Smart Cards
Drivers PC/SC 2.01, CT-API, Sync-API
MTBF 500,000h
Operating Systems Windows 98/ME
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 2003 Server
Windows XP64bit (IA64, AMD64, EM64T)
Windows Vista
Linux
Compliance RoHS, WEEE
Certifications Microsoft WHQL, EMV 2000
Certifications PC/SC
http://www.rfid-indonesia.com/content/view/39/27/
RFID tags
RFID tags
RFID tags come in three general varieties:- passive, active, or semi-passive (also known as battery-assisted). Passive tags require no internal power source, thus being pure passive devices (they are only active when a reader is nearby to power them), whereas semi-passive and active tags require a power source, usually a small battery.
RFID backscatter.
To communicate, tags respond to queries generating signals that must not create interference with the readers, as arriving signals can be very weak and must be differentiated. Besides backscattering, load modulation techniques can be used to manipulate the reader's field. Typically, backscatter is used in the far field, whereas load modulation applies in the nearfield, within a few wavelengths from the reader.
Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response. Most passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier wave from the reader. This means that the antenna has to be designed both to collect power from the incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. The response of a passive RFID tag is not necessarily just an ID number; the tag chip can contain non-volatile, possibly writable EEPROM for storing data.
Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) (ISO 14443) up to a few meters (Electronic Product Code (EPC) and ISO 18000-6), depending on the chosen radio frequency and antenna design/size. But thanks to deep-space technology, that distance is now 600 feet[6]. Due to their simplicity in design they are also suitable for manufacture with a printing process for the antennas. The lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small: commercially available products exist that can be embedded in a sticker, or under the skin in the case of low frequency (LowFID) RFID tags.
In 2007, the Danish Company RFIDsec developed a passive RFID with privacy enhancing technologies built-in including built-in firewall access controls, communication encryption and a silent mode ensuring that the consumer at point of sales can get exclusive control of the key to control the RFID. The RFID will not respond unless the consumer authorizes it, the consumer can validate presence of a specific RFID without leaking identifiers and therefore the consumer can make use of the RFID without being trackable or otherwise leak information that represents a threat to consumer privacy.
In 2006, Hitachi, Ltd. developed a passive device called the µ-Chip measuring 0.15×0.15 mm (not including the antenna), and thinner than a sheet of paper (7.5 micrometers).[7][8] Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology is used to achieve this level of integration. The Hitachi µ-Chip can wirelessly transmit a 128-bit unique ID number which is hard coded into the chip as part of the manufacturing process. The unique ID in the chip cannot be altered, providing a high level of authenticity to the chip and ultimately to the items the chip may be permanently attached or embedded into. The Hitachi µ-Chip has a typical maximum read range of 30 cm (1 foot). In February 2007 Hitachi unveiled an even smaller RFID device measuring 0.05×0.05 mm, and thin enough to be embedded in a sheet of paper.[9] The new chips can store as much data as the older µ-chips, and the data contained on them can be extracted from as far away as a few hundred metres. The ongoing problems with all RFIDs is that they need an external antenna which is 80 times bigger than the chip in the best version thus far developed. Further, the present costs of manufacturing the inlays for tags has inhibited broader adoption. As silicon prices are reduced and new more economic methods for manufacturing inlays and tags are perfected in the industry, broader adoption and item level tagging along with economies of scale production scenarios; it is expected to make RFID both innocuous and commonplace much like Barcodes are presently.
Alien Technology's Fluidic Self Assembly and HiSam machines, Smartcode's Flexible Area Synchronized Transfer (FAST) and Symbol Technologies' PICA process are alleged to potentially further reduce tag costs by massively parallel production[citation needed]. Alien Technology and SmartCode are currently using the processes to manufacture tags while Symbol Technologies' PICA process is still in the development phase. Symbol was acquired by Motorola in 2006. Motorola however has since made agreements with Avery Dennison for supply of tags, meaning their own Tag production and PICA process may have been abandoned.[10] Alternative methods of production such as FAST, FSA, HiSam and possibly PICA could potentially reduce tag costs dramatically, and due to volume capacities achievable, in turn be able to also drive the economies of scale models for various Silicon fabricators as well. Some passive RFID vendors believe that Industry benchmarks for tag costs can be achieved eventually as new low cost volume production systems are implemented more broadly. (For example, see [4])
Non-silicon tags made from polymer semiconductors are currently being developed by several companies globally. Simple laboratory printed polymer tags operating at 13.56 MHz were demonstrated in 2005 by both PolyIC (Germany) and Philips (The Netherlands). If successfully commercialized, polymer tags will be roll-printable, like a magazine, and much less expensive than silicon-based tags. The end game for most item-level tagging over the next few decades may be that RFID tags will be wholly printed – the same way a barcode is today – and be virtually free, like a barcode. However, substantial technical and economic hurdles must be surmounted to accomplish such an end: hundreds of billions of dollars have been invested over the last three decades in silicon processing, resulting in a per-feature cost which is actually less than that of conventional printing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
RFID tags come in three general varieties:- passive, active, or semi-passive (also known as battery-assisted). Passive tags require no internal power source, thus being pure passive devices (they are only active when a reader is nearby to power them), whereas semi-passive and active tags require a power source, usually a small battery.
RFID backscatter.
To communicate, tags respond to queries generating signals that must not create interference with the readers, as arriving signals can be very weak and must be differentiated. Besides backscattering, load modulation techniques can be used to manipulate the reader's field. Typically, backscatter is used in the far field, whereas load modulation applies in the nearfield, within a few wavelengths from the reader.
Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response. Most passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier wave from the reader. This means that the antenna has to be designed both to collect power from the incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. The response of a passive RFID tag is not necessarily just an ID number; the tag chip can contain non-volatile, possibly writable EEPROM for storing data.
Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) (ISO 14443) up to a few meters (Electronic Product Code (EPC) and ISO 18000-6), depending on the chosen radio frequency and antenna design/size. But thanks to deep-space technology, that distance is now 600 feet[6]. Due to their simplicity in design they are also suitable for manufacture with a printing process for the antennas. The lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small: commercially available products exist that can be embedded in a sticker, or under the skin in the case of low frequency (LowFID) RFID tags.
In 2007, the Danish Company RFIDsec developed a passive RFID with privacy enhancing technologies built-in including built-in firewall access controls, communication encryption and a silent mode ensuring that the consumer at point of sales can get exclusive control of the key to control the RFID. The RFID will not respond unless the consumer authorizes it, the consumer can validate presence of a specific RFID without leaking identifiers and therefore the consumer can make use of the RFID without being trackable or otherwise leak information that represents a threat to consumer privacy.
In 2006, Hitachi, Ltd. developed a passive device called the µ-Chip measuring 0.15×0.15 mm (not including the antenna), and thinner than a sheet of paper (7.5 micrometers).[7][8] Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology is used to achieve this level of integration. The Hitachi µ-Chip can wirelessly transmit a 128-bit unique ID number which is hard coded into the chip as part of the manufacturing process. The unique ID in the chip cannot be altered, providing a high level of authenticity to the chip and ultimately to the items the chip may be permanently attached or embedded into. The Hitachi µ-Chip has a typical maximum read range of 30 cm (1 foot). In February 2007 Hitachi unveiled an even smaller RFID device measuring 0.05×0.05 mm, and thin enough to be embedded in a sheet of paper.[9] The new chips can store as much data as the older µ-chips, and the data contained on them can be extracted from as far away as a few hundred metres. The ongoing problems with all RFIDs is that they need an external antenna which is 80 times bigger than the chip in the best version thus far developed. Further, the present costs of manufacturing the inlays for tags has inhibited broader adoption. As silicon prices are reduced and new more economic methods for manufacturing inlays and tags are perfected in the industry, broader adoption and item level tagging along with economies of scale production scenarios; it is expected to make RFID both innocuous and commonplace much like Barcodes are presently.
Alien Technology's Fluidic Self Assembly and HiSam machines, Smartcode's Flexible Area Synchronized Transfer (FAST) and Symbol Technologies' PICA process are alleged to potentially further reduce tag costs by massively parallel production[citation needed]. Alien Technology and SmartCode are currently using the processes to manufacture tags while Symbol Technologies' PICA process is still in the development phase. Symbol was acquired by Motorola in 2006. Motorola however has since made agreements with Avery Dennison for supply of tags, meaning their own Tag production and PICA process may have been abandoned.[10] Alternative methods of production such as FAST, FSA, HiSam and possibly PICA could potentially reduce tag costs dramatically, and due to volume capacities achievable, in turn be able to also drive the economies of scale models for various Silicon fabricators as well. Some passive RFID vendors believe that Industry benchmarks for tag costs can be achieved eventually as new low cost volume production systems are implemented more broadly. (For example, see [4])
Non-silicon tags made from polymer semiconductors are currently being developed by several companies globally. Simple laboratory printed polymer tags operating at 13.56 MHz were demonstrated in 2005 by both PolyIC (Germany) and Philips (The Netherlands). If successfully commercialized, polymer tags will be roll-printable, like a magazine, and much less expensive than silicon-based tags. The end game for most item-level tagging over the next few decades may be that RFID tags will be wholly printed – the same way a barcode is today – and be virtually free, like a barcode. However, substantial technical and economic hurdles must be surmounted to accomplish such an end: hundreds of billions of dollars have been invested over the last three decades in silicon processing, resulting in a per-feature cost which is actually less than that of conventional printing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
History of RFID
History of RFID
In 1946 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a passive covert listening device, not an identification tag, it has been attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The technology used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s according to one source (although the same source states that RFID systems have been around just since the late 1960s).
Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented by the United Kingdom in 1939, was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by military and commercial aircraft to this day.
Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196–1204, October 1948). Stockman predicted that "…considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."
Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
In 1946 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a passive covert listening device, not an identification tag, it has been attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The technology used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s according to one source (although the same source states that RFID systems have been around just since the late 1960s).
Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented by the United Kingdom in 1939, was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by military and commercial aircraft to this day.
Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196–1204, October 1948). Stockman predicted that "…considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."
Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
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