Sejarah RFID
Di tahun 1946, Léon Theremin menemukan alat mata-mata untuk pemerintah Uni Soviet yang dapat memancarkan kembali gelombang radio dengan informasi suara. Gelombang suara menggetarkan sebuah diafrakma (diaphragm) yang merubah sedikit bentuk resonator, yang kemudian memodulasi frekuensi radio yang terpantul. Walaupun alat ini adalah sebuah alat pendengar mata-mata yang pasif dan bukan sebuah kartu/label identitas, alat ini diakui sebagai benda pertama dan salah satu nenek-moyang teknologi RFID. Beberapa publikasi menyatakan bahwa teknologi yang digunakan RFID telah ada semenjak awal era 1920-an, sementara beberapa sumber lainnya menyatakan bahwa sistem RFID baru muncul sekitar akhir era 1960-an.
Sebuah teknologi yang lebih mirip, IFF Transponder, ditemukan oleh Inggris di tahun 1939, dan secara rutin digunakan oleh tentara sekutu di Perang Dunia II untuk mengidentifikasikan pesawat tempur kawan atau lawan. Transponder semacam itu masih digunakan oleh pihak militer dan maskapai penerbangan hingga hari ini.
Karya awal lainnya yang mengeksplorasi RFID adalah karya tulis ilmiah penting Harry Stockman pada tahun 1948 yang berjudul Communication by Means of Reflected Power (Komunikasi Menggunakan Tenaga Pantulan) yang terbit di IRE, halaman 1196–1204, Oktober 1948. Stockman memperkirakan bahwa "...riset dan pengembangan yang lebih serius harus dilakukan sebelum problem-problem mendasar di dalam komunikasi tenaga pantulan dapat dipecahkan, dan sebelum aplikasi-aplikasi (dari teknologi ini) dieksplorasi lebih jauh."
Paten Amerika Serikat nomor 3,713,148 atas nama Mario Cardullo di tahun 1973 adalah nenek moyang pertama dari RFID modern; sebuah transponder radio pasif dengan memori ingatan. Alat pantulan tenaga pasif pertama didemonstrasikan di tahun 1971 kepada Perusahaan Pelabuhan New York (New York Port Authority) dan pengguna potensial lainnya. Alat ini terdiri dari sebuah transponder dengan memori 16 bit untuk digunakan sebagai alat pembayaran bea.
Pada dasarnya, paten Cardullo meliputi penggunaan frekuensi radio, suara dan cahaya sebagai media transmisi. Rencana bisnis pertama yang diajukan kepada para investor di tahun 1969 menampilkan penggunaan teknologi ini di bidang transportasi (identifikasi kendaraan otomotif, sistem pembayaran tol otomatis, plat nomor elektronik, manifest [daftar barang] elektronik, pendata rute kendaraan, pengawas kelaikan kendaraan), bidang perbankan (buku cek elektronik, kartu kredit elektronik), bidang keamanan (tanda pengenal pegawai, pintu gerbang otomatis, pengawas akses) dan bidang kesehatan (identifikasi dan sejarah medis pasien).
Demonstrasi label RFID dengan teknologi tenaga pantulan, baik yang pasif maupun yang aktif, dilakukan di Laboratorium Sains Los Alamos di tahun 1973. Alat ini diperasikan pada gelombang 915 MHz dan menggunakan label yang berkapasitas 12 bit.
Paten pertama yang menggunakan kata RFID diberikan kepada Charles Walton di tahun 1983 (Paten Amerika Serikat nomor 4,384,288).
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID
Kamis, 26 Juni 2008
OMNIKEY 13.56MHz RFID Reader/Writer
OMNIKEY 13.56MHz RFID Reader/Writer
The CardMan® 5321 represents the ideal combination of contact and contactless technology in a single device.
The housing design is optimized for advanced user convenience in contactless applications.
The improved contactless field provides a higher transmission speed of up to 848 kbps depending on the contactless card used.
As with the CardMan® 5121, it supports three ISO standards for contactless cards (ISO 14443 A/B and 15693), and the ISO 7816 and EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa) industry standards for contact cards.
The CardMan® 5321 allows users to experience the convenience, speed, and security of contactless technology for applications including log-on to Windows®, networks, websites, and applications or the secure storage of user names, passwords, and personal information.
The use of contactless smart card technology for PC-linked applications is limited only to your imagination!
Contactless Smart Cards Supported
* Philips: MIFARE®, DESFire®, MIFARE ProX®, and i.code
* HID: iCLASS®
* Texas Instruments: TagIT®
* ST Micro: x-ident, SR 176, SR 1X 4K
* Infineon: My-d (in secure mode UID only)
* Atmel: AT088RF020
* KSW MicroTech: KSW TempSens
* JavaCard: JCOP in RSA mode
Following features make the CardMan® 5321 the perfect answer to the increasing demands of many applications:
Connection USB 2.0 (Universal Serial Bus)
Contactless Standards ISO14443A, ISO14443B, ISO15693
Cable Length 180cm/ 70.9"
Power supply USB bus powered
Card Contacting Unit 100.000 insertion cycles
Card Power supply 60 mA
Status indicator Duo-LED
Transmission Speed contact interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed).
with Card: up to 420 Kbps
Transmission Speed contactless interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed)
with Card: up to 848 Kbps
Protocols T=0, T=1, 2-wire: SLE4432, SLE4442 (S=10), 3-wire: SLE4418, SLE4428 (S=9), I2C (S=8), SLE 4404
Protocols T=CL
Smart Cards Supports 5V, 3V and 1,8V Smart Cards
Drivers PC/SC 2.01, CT-API, Sync-API
MTBF 500,000h
Operating Systems Windows 98/ME
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 2003 Server
Windows XP64bit (IA64, AMD64, EM64T)
Windows Vista
Linux
Compliance RoHS, WEEE
Certifications Microsoft WHQL, EMV 2000
Certifications PC/SC
http://www.rfid-indonesia.com/content/view/39/27/
The CardMan® 5321 represents the ideal combination of contact and contactless technology in a single device.
The housing design is optimized for advanced user convenience in contactless applications.
The improved contactless field provides a higher transmission speed of up to 848 kbps depending on the contactless card used.
As with the CardMan® 5121, it supports three ISO standards for contactless cards (ISO 14443 A/B and 15693), and the ISO 7816 and EMV (Europay, MasterCard, Visa) industry standards for contact cards.
The CardMan® 5321 allows users to experience the convenience, speed, and security of contactless technology for applications including log-on to Windows®, networks, websites, and applications or the secure storage of user names, passwords, and personal information.
The use of contactless smart card technology for PC-linked applications is limited only to your imagination!
Contactless Smart Cards Supported
* Philips: MIFARE®, DESFire®, MIFARE ProX®, and i.code
* HID: iCLASS®
* Texas Instruments: TagIT®
* ST Micro: x-ident, SR 176, SR 1X 4K
* Infineon: My-d (in secure mode UID only)
* Atmel: AT088RF020
* KSW MicroTech: KSW TempSens
* JavaCard: JCOP in RSA mode
Following features make the CardMan® 5321 the perfect answer to the increasing demands of many applications:
Connection USB 2.0 (Universal Serial Bus)
Contactless Standards ISO14443A, ISO14443B, ISO15693
Cable Length 180cm/ 70.9"
Power supply USB bus powered
Card Contacting Unit 100.000 insertion cycles
Card Power supply 60 mA
Status indicator Duo-LED
Transmission Speed contact interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed).
with Card: up to 420 Kbps
Transmission Speed contactless interface with PC: 12 Mbps (USB 2.0 Full Speed)
with Card: up to 848 Kbps
Protocols T=0, T=1, 2-wire: SLE4432, SLE4442 (S=10), 3-wire: SLE4418, SLE4428 (S=9), I2C (S=8), SLE 4404
Protocols T=CL
Smart Cards Supports 5V, 3V and 1,8V Smart Cards
Drivers PC/SC 2.01, CT-API, Sync-API
MTBF 500,000h
Operating Systems Windows 98/ME
Windows 2000
Windows XP
Windows 2003 Server
Windows XP64bit (IA64, AMD64, EM64T)
Windows Vista
Linux
Compliance RoHS, WEEE
Certifications Microsoft WHQL, EMV 2000
Certifications PC/SC
http://www.rfid-indonesia.com/content/view/39/27/
RFID tags
RFID tags
RFID tags come in three general varieties:- passive, active, or semi-passive (also known as battery-assisted). Passive tags require no internal power source, thus being pure passive devices (they are only active when a reader is nearby to power them), whereas semi-passive and active tags require a power source, usually a small battery.
RFID backscatter.
To communicate, tags respond to queries generating signals that must not create interference with the readers, as arriving signals can be very weak and must be differentiated. Besides backscattering, load modulation techniques can be used to manipulate the reader's field. Typically, backscatter is used in the far field, whereas load modulation applies in the nearfield, within a few wavelengths from the reader.
Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response. Most passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier wave from the reader. This means that the antenna has to be designed both to collect power from the incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. The response of a passive RFID tag is not necessarily just an ID number; the tag chip can contain non-volatile, possibly writable EEPROM for storing data.
Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) (ISO 14443) up to a few meters (Electronic Product Code (EPC) and ISO 18000-6), depending on the chosen radio frequency and antenna design/size. But thanks to deep-space technology, that distance is now 600 feet[6]. Due to their simplicity in design they are also suitable for manufacture with a printing process for the antennas. The lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small: commercially available products exist that can be embedded in a sticker, or under the skin in the case of low frequency (LowFID) RFID tags.
In 2007, the Danish Company RFIDsec developed a passive RFID with privacy enhancing technologies built-in including built-in firewall access controls, communication encryption and a silent mode ensuring that the consumer at point of sales can get exclusive control of the key to control the RFID. The RFID will not respond unless the consumer authorizes it, the consumer can validate presence of a specific RFID without leaking identifiers and therefore the consumer can make use of the RFID without being trackable or otherwise leak information that represents a threat to consumer privacy.
In 2006, Hitachi, Ltd. developed a passive device called the µ-Chip measuring 0.15×0.15 mm (not including the antenna), and thinner than a sheet of paper (7.5 micrometers).[7][8] Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology is used to achieve this level of integration. The Hitachi µ-Chip can wirelessly transmit a 128-bit unique ID number which is hard coded into the chip as part of the manufacturing process. The unique ID in the chip cannot be altered, providing a high level of authenticity to the chip and ultimately to the items the chip may be permanently attached or embedded into. The Hitachi µ-Chip has a typical maximum read range of 30 cm (1 foot). In February 2007 Hitachi unveiled an even smaller RFID device measuring 0.05×0.05 mm, and thin enough to be embedded in a sheet of paper.[9] The new chips can store as much data as the older µ-chips, and the data contained on them can be extracted from as far away as a few hundred metres. The ongoing problems with all RFIDs is that they need an external antenna which is 80 times bigger than the chip in the best version thus far developed. Further, the present costs of manufacturing the inlays for tags has inhibited broader adoption. As silicon prices are reduced and new more economic methods for manufacturing inlays and tags are perfected in the industry, broader adoption and item level tagging along with economies of scale production scenarios; it is expected to make RFID both innocuous and commonplace much like Barcodes are presently.
Alien Technology's Fluidic Self Assembly and HiSam machines, Smartcode's Flexible Area Synchronized Transfer (FAST) and Symbol Technologies' PICA process are alleged to potentially further reduce tag costs by massively parallel production[citation needed]. Alien Technology and SmartCode are currently using the processes to manufacture tags while Symbol Technologies' PICA process is still in the development phase. Symbol was acquired by Motorola in 2006. Motorola however has since made agreements with Avery Dennison for supply of tags, meaning their own Tag production and PICA process may have been abandoned.[10] Alternative methods of production such as FAST, FSA, HiSam and possibly PICA could potentially reduce tag costs dramatically, and due to volume capacities achievable, in turn be able to also drive the economies of scale models for various Silicon fabricators as well. Some passive RFID vendors believe that Industry benchmarks for tag costs can be achieved eventually as new low cost volume production systems are implemented more broadly. (For example, see [4])
Non-silicon tags made from polymer semiconductors are currently being developed by several companies globally. Simple laboratory printed polymer tags operating at 13.56 MHz were demonstrated in 2005 by both PolyIC (Germany) and Philips (The Netherlands). If successfully commercialized, polymer tags will be roll-printable, like a magazine, and much less expensive than silicon-based tags. The end game for most item-level tagging over the next few decades may be that RFID tags will be wholly printed – the same way a barcode is today – and be virtually free, like a barcode. However, substantial technical and economic hurdles must be surmounted to accomplish such an end: hundreds of billions of dollars have been invested over the last three decades in silicon processing, resulting in a per-feature cost which is actually less than that of conventional printing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
RFID tags come in three general varieties:- passive, active, or semi-passive (also known as battery-assisted). Passive tags require no internal power source, thus being pure passive devices (they are only active when a reader is nearby to power them), whereas semi-passive and active tags require a power source, usually a small battery.
RFID backscatter.
To communicate, tags respond to queries generating signals that must not create interference with the readers, as arriving signals can be very weak and must be differentiated. Besides backscattering, load modulation techniques can be used to manipulate the reader's field. Typically, backscatter is used in the far field, whereas load modulation applies in the nearfield, within a few wavelengths from the reader.
Passive RFID tags have no internal power supply. The minute electrical current induced in the antenna by the incoming radio frequency signal provides just enough power for the CMOS integrated circuit in the tag to power up and transmit a response. Most passive tags signal by backscattering the carrier wave from the reader. This means that the antenna has to be designed both to collect power from the incoming signal and also to transmit the outbound backscatter signal. The response of a passive RFID tag is not necessarily just an ID number; the tag chip can contain non-volatile, possibly writable EEPROM for storing data.
Passive tags have practical read distances ranging from about 10 cm (4 in.) (ISO 14443) up to a few meters (Electronic Product Code (EPC) and ISO 18000-6), depending on the chosen radio frequency and antenna design/size. But thanks to deep-space technology, that distance is now 600 feet[6]. Due to their simplicity in design they are also suitable for manufacture with a printing process for the antennas. The lack of an onboard power supply means that the device can be quite small: commercially available products exist that can be embedded in a sticker, or under the skin in the case of low frequency (LowFID) RFID tags.
In 2007, the Danish Company RFIDsec developed a passive RFID with privacy enhancing technologies built-in including built-in firewall access controls, communication encryption and a silent mode ensuring that the consumer at point of sales can get exclusive control of the key to control the RFID. The RFID will not respond unless the consumer authorizes it, the consumer can validate presence of a specific RFID without leaking identifiers and therefore the consumer can make use of the RFID without being trackable or otherwise leak information that represents a threat to consumer privacy.
In 2006, Hitachi, Ltd. developed a passive device called the µ-Chip measuring 0.15×0.15 mm (not including the antenna), and thinner than a sheet of paper (7.5 micrometers).[7][8] Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology is used to achieve this level of integration. The Hitachi µ-Chip can wirelessly transmit a 128-bit unique ID number which is hard coded into the chip as part of the manufacturing process. The unique ID in the chip cannot be altered, providing a high level of authenticity to the chip and ultimately to the items the chip may be permanently attached or embedded into. The Hitachi µ-Chip has a typical maximum read range of 30 cm (1 foot). In February 2007 Hitachi unveiled an even smaller RFID device measuring 0.05×0.05 mm, and thin enough to be embedded in a sheet of paper.[9] The new chips can store as much data as the older µ-chips, and the data contained on them can be extracted from as far away as a few hundred metres. The ongoing problems with all RFIDs is that they need an external antenna which is 80 times bigger than the chip in the best version thus far developed. Further, the present costs of manufacturing the inlays for tags has inhibited broader adoption. As silicon prices are reduced and new more economic methods for manufacturing inlays and tags are perfected in the industry, broader adoption and item level tagging along with economies of scale production scenarios; it is expected to make RFID both innocuous and commonplace much like Barcodes are presently.
Alien Technology's Fluidic Self Assembly and HiSam machines, Smartcode's Flexible Area Synchronized Transfer (FAST) and Symbol Technologies' PICA process are alleged to potentially further reduce tag costs by massively parallel production[citation needed]. Alien Technology and SmartCode are currently using the processes to manufacture tags while Symbol Technologies' PICA process is still in the development phase. Symbol was acquired by Motorola in 2006. Motorola however has since made agreements with Avery Dennison for supply of tags, meaning their own Tag production and PICA process may have been abandoned.[10] Alternative methods of production such as FAST, FSA, HiSam and possibly PICA could potentially reduce tag costs dramatically, and due to volume capacities achievable, in turn be able to also drive the economies of scale models for various Silicon fabricators as well. Some passive RFID vendors believe that Industry benchmarks for tag costs can be achieved eventually as new low cost volume production systems are implemented more broadly. (For example, see [4])
Non-silicon tags made from polymer semiconductors are currently being developed by several companies globally. Simple laboratory printed polymer tags operating at 13.56 MHz were demonstrated in 2005 by both PolyIC (Germany) and Philips (The Netherlands). If successfully commercialized, polymer tags will be roll-printable, like a magazine, and much less expensive than silicon-based tags. The end game for most item-level tagging over the next few decades may be that RFID tags will be wholly printed – the same way a barcode is today – and be virtually free, like a barcode. However, substantial technical and economic hurdles must be surmounted to accomplish such an end: hundreds of billions of dollars have been invested over the last three decades in silicon processing, resulting in a per-feature cost which is actually less than that of conventional printing.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
History of RFID
History of RFID
In 1946 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a passive covert listening device, not an identification tag, it has been attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The technology used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s according to one source (although the same source states that RFID systems have been around just since the late 1960s).
Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented by the United Kingdom in 1939, was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by military and commercial aircraft to this day.
Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196–1204, October 1948). Stockman predicted that "…considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."
Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
In 1946 Léon Theremin invented an espionage tool for the Soviet Union which retransmitted incident radio waves with audio information. Sound waves vibrated a diaphragm which slightly altered the shape of the resonator, which modulated the reflected radio frequency. Even though this device was a passive covert listening device, not an identification tag, it has been attributed as a predecessor to RFID technology. The technology used in RFID has been around since the early 1920s according to one source (although the same source states that RFID systems have been around just since the late 1960s).
Similar technology, such as the IFF transponder invented by the United Kingdom in 1939, was routinely used by the allies in World War II to identify aircraft as friend or foe. Transponders are still used by military and commercial aircraft to this day.
Another early work exploring RFID is the landmark 1948 paper by Harry Stockman, titled "Communication by Means of Reflected Power" (Proceedings of the IRE, pp 1196–1204, October 1948). Stockman predicted that "…considerable research and development work has to be done before the remaining basic problems in reflected-power communication are solved, and before the field of useful applications is explored."
Mario Cardullo's U.S. Patent 3,713,148 in 1973 was the first true ancestor of modern RFID; a passive radio transponder with memory. The initial device was passive, powered by the interrogating signal, and was demonstrated in 1971 to the New York Port Authority and other potential users and consisted of a transponder with 16 bit memory for use as a toll device. The basic Cardullo patent covers the use of RF, sound and light as transmission media. The original business plan presented to investors in 1969 showed uses in transportation (automotive vehicle identification, automatic toll system, electronic license plate, electronic manifest, vehicle routing, vehicle performance monitoring), banking (electronic check book, electronic credit card), security (personnel identification, automatic gates, surveillance) and medical (identification, patient history).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID#History_of_RFID_tags
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